{"id":17722,"date":"2016-10-25T20:00:57","date_gmt":"2016-10-25T22:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.funverde.org.br\/blog\/?p=17722"},"modified":"2016-10-25T17:51:58","modified_gmt":"2016-10-25T19:51:58","slug":"eeuu-fracaso-del-maiz-transgenico-herculex-de-dow-dupont","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.funverde.org.br\/blog\/eeuu-fracaso-del-maiz-transgenico-herculex-de-dow-dupont\/","title":{"rendered":"EEUU: fracaso del ma\u00edz transg\u00e9nico Herculex de Dow-Dupont"},"content":{"rendered":"

Imagen:\u00a0<\/span>Dave Hensley<\/em><\/p>\n

Los cultivos llamados Bt son capaces de producir ciertos tipos de toxinas (que en la naturaleza producir\u00eda una bacteria del suelo) con propiedades insecticidas. A diferencia de la utilizaci\u00f3n puntual de estos productos, mediante el uso de cultivos transg\u00e9nicos Bt la toxina se est\u00e1 produciendo constantemente en todas las partes de la planta, por lo que los insectos acaban estando expuestos durante m\u00e1s tiempo y se acelera la aparici\u00f3n de resistencias. Esto es lo que lleva ocurriendo varios a\u00f1os con distintas plagas en EEUU (en ma\u00edz) e India (algod\u00f3n): la apuesta de las empresas est\u00e1 siendo sacar al mercado variedades que acumulan cada vez m\u00e1s tipos distintos de insecticidas, lo que empeora el problema y hace a los agricultores cada vez m\u00e1s dependientes de sus productos.<\/p>\n

En esta ocasi\u00f3n ha sido el ma\u00edz Herculex, de la empresa Dow Dupont, el que ha empezado a fallar, haciendo que productores de ma\u00edz de varios estados norteamericanos sufran p\u00e9rdidas en sus cosechas de ma\u00edz. Seis entom\u00f3logos de distintas universidades han contactado con agricultores de estas regiones, recogiendo sus conclusiones en una carta abierta a las empresas semilleras.<\/p>\n

Seg\u00fan un grupo de expertos en insectos, Dow Chemical Co. y DuPont Co. no est\u00e1n siendo capaces de cumplir las promesas que hicieron al comenzar a comercializar su nuevo ma\u00edz transg\u00e9nico, que, seg\u00fan dec\u00edan, evitar\u00eda que un tipo de gusano da\u00f1ino para el ma\u00edz se alimentara de este.<\/p>\n

Estos seis entom\u00f3logos procedentes de Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Nueva York y Pensilvania afirman que el ma\u00edz que contiene el rasgo Herculex no es capaz de controlar al gusano cortador occidental del frijol (Striacosta albicosta). <\/em>Es por esto que han escrito una “<\/em>carta abierta<\/a> a la industria semillera\u201d, publicada la semana pasada en la p\u00e1gina web de la Universidad Purdue. Los investigadores urgen a las empresas semilleras a dejar de publicitar el Herculex como m\u00e9todo de control de esta plaga, para evitar enga\u00f1ar a los agricultores con una falsa sensaci\u00f3n de seguridad.<\/p>\n

\u201cLa gente est\u00e1 frustrada y enfadada y, lo que es m\u00e1s importante, se ha perdido la producci\u00f3n\u201d escribieron en el Purdue\u2019s Pest & Crop Newsletter. \u201cAntes de que los agricultores tomen decisiones para 2017, instamos una vez m\u00e1s a la industria semillera a reconocer la realidad de lo que est\u00e1 pasando en el campo.\u201d<\/p>\n

DuPont modific\u00f3 la evaluaci\u00f3n de la eficacia del Herculex sobre este gusano cortador en su Gu\u00eda de Uso de Productos, pasando de \u201cmuy buena\u201d en la temporada 2016 a \u201cmoderada<\/a>” en 2017. Seg\u00fan su portavoz Sharly Sauer, esta modificaci\u00f3n se hizo antes de que la empresa supiese de la existencia de la carta de los cient\u00edficos.<\/p>\n

Las mayores infestaciones de insectos y la \u201creducci\u00f3n de la sensibilidad\u201d al rasgo insecticida han hecho que los da\u00f1os sobre el ma\u00edz aumenten recientemente, declar\u00f3 Dow el pasado mi\u00e9rcoles en un email. Los agricultores necesitan tomar medidas adicionales para controlar esta plaga, incluida la posible pulverizaci\u00f3n de otros insecticidas, indicaron tanto DuPont como Dow en comunicados separados.<\/p>\n

Plagas resistentes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hay otros cultivos modificados gen\u00e9ticamente que han perdido efectividad con los a\u00f1os. En el gusano de la ra\u00edz del ma\u00edz (Diabrotica virgifera<\/em>) hace ya a\u00f1os que han aparecido tambi\u00e9n resistencias<\/a> al ma\u00edz YieldGard de Monsanto. Y esta es s\u00f3lo una de las cinco grandes plagas<\/a> que han sido capaces de vencer a los insecticidas producidos por el ma\u00edz y algod\u00f3n transg\u00e9nicos. Estos cultivos producen prote\u00ednas insecticidas derivadas de Bacillus thuringiensis<\/em>, o Bt, una bacteria del suelo capaz de reemplazar a los insecticidas de s\u00edntesis. La prote\u00edna Bt que est\u00e1 dando problemas en el ma\u00edz Herculex se llama Cry1F.<\/p>\n

\u201cCry1F ha fracasado en nuestros estados\u201d, escribieron los entom\u00f3logos. \u201cPara los agricultores de estas regiones, los costes de monitorear y pulverizar el ma\u00edz Cry1F hacen que ya no tenga sentido haber comprado un h\u00edbrido que contuviera ese rasgo.\u201d<\/p>\n

Los autores de la carta investigaron la eficacia del rasgo mediante \u201cdocenas de e-mails y llamadas telef\u00f3nicas\u201d, afirmaron.<\/p>\n

El gusano cortador occidental del frijol se alimenta del grano de ma\u00edz. Si no se tratan, pueden provocar el crecimiento de hongos y la aparici\u00f3n de niveles elevados de micotoxinas. Herculex se vende como m\u00e9todo de control para otros ocho insectos<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Los que tambi\u00e9n est\u00e1n fallando<\/a> son los cultivos Roundup Ready de Monsanto, dise\u00f1ados para tolerar la pulverizaci\u00f3n con el herbicida Roundup (basado en glifosato). Como cada vez m\u00e1s malas hierbas son capaces de soportar tambi\u00e9n el Roundup, la empresa ha desarrollado cultivos que son tambi\u00e9n capaces de tolerar el herbicida dicamba<\/a>, que compite con el patentado por Dow<\/a>, basado en el herbicida 2,4-D.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Dow-DuPont\u2019s Modified Corn Fails to Control Pest, Scientists Say<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A type of corn marketed by Dow Chemical Co. and DuPont Co. is failing to live up to promises that it prevents a damaging worm from feeding on the crop, according to a group of insect experts.<\/p>\n

Corn containing the Herculex trait isn\u2019t controlling the western bean cutworm, six entomologists from Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, New York and Pennsylvania wrote in an “open letter<\/a> to the seed industry” posted last week on the website of Purdue University. The scientists urged seed companies to stop labeling Herculex for control of the pest so farmers won\u2019t be lulled into a false sense of security.<\/p>\n

“People are frustrated and angry and, more importantly, yield was lost,” they wrote in Purdue\u2019s Pest & Crop Newsletter. “Before growers make seed choices for 2017, we again urge the seed industry to acknowledge the reality of what is happening in the field.”<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

DuPont cut the efficacy rating of Herculex on western bean cutworms to “moderate<\/a>” in its 2017 Product Use Guide, from “very good” in the current-year publication. The change was made before the company was aware of the scientists\u2019 letter, according to spokeswoman Sharly Sauer.<\/p>\n

Larger insect infestations and “reduced sensitivity” to the bug-killing trait have recently increased corn damage, Dow said Wednesday in an e-mail. Farmers need to take additional steps to control cutworms, including potentially spraying insecticides, DuPont and Dow said separately.<\/p>\n

Resistant Pests<\/strong><\/p>\n

Other genetically modified crops have lost some effectiveness after years of use. The root-chomping western corn rootworm has been showing signs of resistance<\/a> to Monsanto Co.\u2019s YieldGard corn for years. It\u2019s one of five major crop pests<\/a> known to have overcome insecticides produced by engineered corn and cotton. These crops produce insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt, a soil bacterium, that can replace chemical insecticides. The problematic Bt protein in Herculex is called Cry1F.<\/p>\n

“Cry1F has failed in our states,” the entomologists wrote. “For growers in our states, the costs of scouting and spraying Cry1F corn negates a major reason they purchased and planted a hybrid with the trait in the first place.”<\/p>\n

The scientists investigated the efficacy of the trait amid \u201cdozens of phone calls and e-mails,\u201d they said.<\/div>\n

Western bean cutworms feed on corn kernels. Untreated, they can lead to the growth of fungus and elevated levels of hazardous mycotoxins. Herculex is marketed for protection against eight other insects<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Also failing<\/a> are Monsanto\u2019s Roundup Ready crops, engineered to tolerate sprays of Roundup weedkiller. To combat an increasing number of weeds no longer killed by Roundup, the company has developed crops that also tolerate dicamba<\/a> herbicide, while Dow has created competing technology<\/a> based on the weedkiller 2,4-D.<\/p>\n

Fontes –\u00a0Jack Kaskey, Bloomberg \/ Observatorio OMG de 19 de outubro de 2016<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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